The holiday season brings the warmth of family gatherings and the joy of celebrations, but it also ushers in an increase in circulating infectious diseases. This year, health experts are highlighting the “Big Four” to watch out for: three respiratory viruses—influenza, COVID-19, and RSV—and one gastrointestinal virus, norovirus.
The Current Landscape of Viruses
According to WastewaterScan, an infectious disease monitoring initiative spearheaded by Stanford and Emory universities, these four viruses are prevalent nationwide. COVID-19 levels are notably high in the eastern half of the United States, while the Western states are experiencing lower activity with specific hotspots in cities like San Francisco, Seattle, Salt Lake City, and Boise. However, as holiday travel increases, experts warn of greater virus spread, a phenomenon described as “the Great Holiday Equalizer.”
Influenza: The Primary Concern
Influenza has captured the attention of physicians and researchers due to ominous trends seen abroad. While the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) predicts a moderate flu season, data from the United Kingdom and South America suggest otherwise. The UK reported nearly four times the number of flu cases this December compared to the same period last year. Similarly, South American countries such as Chile, Ecuador, and Uruguay saw higher hospitalization rates during their winter flu season.
Two predominant flu strains are circulating: H1N1 and H3N2. The latter is associated with more severe illnesses and may explain the rise in hospitalizations globally. Experts emphasize the importance of vaccination, as this year’s flu vaccine covers these strains. It’s not too late to get vaccinated, and doing so not only protects individuals but also reduces the chances of mixing seasonal flu with the H5N1 bird flu, which poses a theoretical but concerning risk.
COVID-19: A Persistent Threat
COVID-19 continues to show up in high levels in municipal wastewater, particularly in urban areas. However, this doesn’t necessarily indicate a surge in hospitalizations. Experts attribute the lower hospitalization rates to carryover immunity from prior infections and vaccinations. Nevertheless, COVID remains unpredictable due to its ability to generate new recombinant variants. With relatively low vaccination rates, there’s always a risk of resurgence.
RSV: A Common Yet Concerning Virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is another virus to watch during the holidays. While RSV typically affects infants and older adults, it’s crucial for everyone to take precautions to prevent its spread. Vaccination, where available, and basic hygiene measures remain key.
Norovirus: The Stomach Virus
Norovirus, a highly contagious gastrointestinal virus, is making its rounds this season. Often spread through surfaces touched by multiple people, such as airplane trays and buffet utensils, it causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Handwashing and avoiding touching your face are critical to preventing infection.
Practical Tips for Staying Safe
- Vaccinate: Stay up-to-date on flu and COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccination reduces the severity of illness and helps prevent the spread of these viruses.
- Ventilate: Opt for outdoor gatherings or ensure good ventilation indoors to reduce the risk of respiratory virus transmission.
- Wash Hands Frequently: Regular handwashing with soap and water is effective against respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses. Hand sanitizers can be used when soap and water are unavailable.
- Use Masks When Necessary: In crowded indoor settings, wearing a mask can reduce the risk of respiratory virus transmission.
- Cook Food Properly: To avoid potential exposure to the H5N1 bird flu, ensure that foods like eggs, milk, and meat are thoroughly cooked.
- Stay Home if Unwell: Isolating yourself when feeling sick is one of the most effective ways to prevent spreading viruses to others.
Additional Considerations
Aside from the Big Four, other illnesses such as the common cold (rhinovirus), pertussis (whooping cough), and walking pneumonia are also circulating. While these may not grab headlines, they can still dampen holiday spirits.
By taking these precautions, you can safeguard your health and enjoy the holiday season with minimal risk of illness.